The use of acids and alkalis is very versatile. For example, acids are regularly used in household cleaners and food and beverages (citric acid or acetic acid, for example, are good for combating limescale or rust deposits). Acids play an important role in many branches of industry. They are not only used in cleaning agents, but also in food products, for example, where they ensure shelf life. Among the more commonly used acids are hydrochloric acid, sulphuric acid, nitric acid and hydrofluoric acid. Acids and alkalis pose major health hazards as soon as they are processed and stored in a certain concentration and quantity. Due to their corrosive nature, the substances and their vapours are extremely dangerous, as they cause burns and irritation of the skin and mucous membranes. In the event of leakage, the corrosive or irritating hazardous substances escape from the containers. This can lead to chemical reactions with the surrounding air or other materials. Information For all hazardous substances, i.e. also for acids and alkalis, general protective measures are required as follows: ››› Limitation of the hazardous substances present in the workplace to the quantity required for the continuation of the activities. ››› Precautions shall be taken to ensure the safe storage of hazardous substances. ››› Hazardous substances shall be kept or stored in such a way that they do not endanger human health and the environment. ››› Misuse or abuse must be prevented. ››› Prohibition of the storage of chemicals in food containers. The safe storage of acids and alkalis is an important part of the risk assessment. To prevent the neutralising effect between acids and alkalis, they should be stored separately. Characteristics, classification and labelling RISKS AND HAZARDS Acids are chemical compounds that are able to release protons and react acidically with water (pH value < 7). Alkalis (bases) are chemical compounds that are able to form hydroxide ions. They react with water in an alkaline way (pH value > 7). Substances and mixtures that cause inflammation when exposed to living tissue (skin, mucous membranes) are classified as irritants. Substances and mixtures that destroy living tissue are described as corrosive. Acids and alkalis can be solid, liquid, vapour or gaseous or present as aerosols and suspended matter. These substances include inorganic and organic acids and alkalis (bases) as well as substances that react with water in an acidic or basic (alkaline) manner. Oxidising and dehydrating inorganic and organic substances also have an irritating or corrosive effect on living tissue. In addition to irritant or corrosive properties, substances or mixtures may also have other hazardous properties: e.g. toxic or lethal such as phenol or hydrogen fluoride, flammable such as acetic acid or oxidising such as organic peroxides. 298 Acids and Alkalis Please observe local legislation and regulations.
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